Dr. sa Michela Barducco - Dietista, Naturopata, Counselor, Floriterapeuta, Riflessologa
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Dr.ssa Michela Barducco
Dr.ssa Michela Barducco
Dietista, Naturopata, Counselor e Floriterapeuta
Dietista, Naturopata, Counselor e Floriterapeuta
Riflessologa
Riflessologa
Alimentazione e trattamenti naturali
Alimentazione e trattamenti naturali
Il mio blog
Il mio blog
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Disturbi del comportamento alimentare: caratteristiche principali
| Posted on November 14, 2012 at 10:40 AM |
 I disturbi del comportamento alimentare sono
caratterizzati da comportamenti finalizzati al controllo del peso, deleteri per
la salute fisica e psicologica e non conseguenti ad altre condizioni
patologiche; in tutti questi disturbi
troviamo un’eccessiva importanza attribuita al peso, alle forme corporee e
al controllo dell’alimentazione, tutta una serie di pensieri e
preoccupazioni per l’alimentazione, il peso e le forme corporei e la sensazione
di essere grassi. Questi fattori sono così importanti da condurre
l’individuo a valutarsi in gran parte, o addirittura esclusivamente, sulla base
di essi; dunque le persone affette da disturbi del comportamento alimentare
si valutano sulla base del loro peso, delle forme del loro corpo e della
capacità che hanno di controllare la propria alimentazione (schema di
autovalutazione disfunzionale), senza considerare gli altri aspetti della vita,
come il lavoro o lo studio, i rapporti con i famigliari e gli amici, la pratica
di attività sportiva o capacità in qualsiasi altro campo.
I due principali e più noti disturbi
dell’alimentazione sono l’anoressia nervosa e la bulimia nervosa; abbiamo poi i
disturbi dell’alimentazione atipici o non altrimenti specificati, che raggruppano quelle condizioni in cui il
comportamento alimentare è significativamente alterato ma non troviamo né tutti
i sintomi dell’anoressia nervosa né tutti i sintomi della bulimia nervosa: un
caso particolare è il disturbo da alimentazione incontrollata, che può
essere trattato in maniera analoga all'obesità. Nell'anoressia nervosa troviamo, oltre alle
caratteristiche generali di cui si è detto sopra, la ricerca della perdita
di peso e della magrezza, ottenuta seguendo una dieta fortemente restrittiva
sovente abbinata ad un’attività fisica eccessiva e finalizzata alla perdita di
peso; alcuni pazienti ricorrono anche al vomito o ad altri comportamenti
come l’abuso di lassativi o diuretici. Anche quando la perdita di peso
raggiunga livelli pericolosi per la salute continua ad essere considerata un
valore e un segno di successo; proprio il basso peso e la forte restrizione
alimentare innescano tutta una serie di altri sintomi, i cosiddetti sintomi da
digiuno, che contribuiscono a mantenere il disturbo e comprendono
depressione, ansia, irritabilità, debolezza e difficoltà di concentrazione (con
immediate ripercussione sul lavoro e sullo studio), isolamento sociale,
preoccupazioni per il cibo, pensieri inerenti il cibo (ad esempio con
l’abitudine di collezionare ricette e libri di cucina), incremento del consumo di
caffè e tè (solitamente molto caldi) e spezie, abitudini alimentari inusuali,
disturbi del sonno e disturbi gastrointestinali (che poi spesso sono addotti
come spiegazione alla restrizione alimentare). Il ruolo dei sintomi da digiuno
nel mantenere il disturbo fa comprendere facilmente l’importanza di
intervenire fin da subito sul comportamento alimentare e sulla correzione del
peso corporeo, senza aspettare che il paziente abbia risolto le problematiche
psicologiche, le quali in parte sono causate e mantenute proprio dal basso peso
e dalla restrizione alimentare; ecco dunque messa in evidenza l’importanza
di un trattamento multidisciplinare, che affronti contemporaneamente i diversi
aspetti della patologia. Nella bulimia nervosa il peso in genere
è normale (in alcuni casi possiamo avere un modesto sottopeso o un
modesto sovrappeso, ma il peso non è mai basso come nell'anoressia nervosa o
francamente aumentato), infatti i tentativi di perdita di peso sono
interrotti da abbuffate (episodi in
cui il soggetto perde il controllo sulla propria alimentazione ed assume grandi
quantità di cibo) seguite dall'impiego di metodi di compenso, cioè mezzi
messi in atto per eliminare le calorie introdotte con l’abbuffata, che peraltro
non sono mai eliminate completamente: tra questi mezzi abbiamo il vomito
auto-indotto, l’abuso di lassativi o diuretici, la pratica di attività fisica
eccessiva e il digiuno. |
Categories: Disturbi del comportamento alimentare: Anoressia e Bulimia Nervosa, Disturbi Alimentari Atipici
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